Globalization and the Power of the State

Dan Drezner says people who expect globalization to reduce the power and autonomy of individual governments are going to be disappointed, "the global political economy of this century will look only slightly different from that of the 20th century." Here's a condensed version of his argument from Cato Unbound:

The Persistent Power of the State in the Global Economy, by Daniel W. Drezner, Cato Unbound: The 20th century witnessed the inexorable rise of the state as the pre-eminent player in economic life. By standard metrics — state spending as a percentage of GDP, regulation of economic activity — governments exercised increasing influence over their national markets as the century progressed. ...

For many scholars and commentators, the 21st century was supposed to be different, because of ... globalization... For good or ill, the globalization of markets was expected to constrain state power in a variety of ways. Indeed, the dominant strands of globalization research share a common assumption – the decline of state autonomy...

A particular fear — or hope, depending on one’s ideological proclivities — was that globalization would encourage a “race to the bottom.” According to this model, capital has become increasingly footloose... In such a world, capital will seek the location where it can earn the highest rate of return. High rates of corporate taxation, strict labor laws, or rigorous environmental protection lower profit rates by raising the costs of production. Capital will therefore engage in regulatory arbitrage, moving to (or importing from) countries with the fewest and lowest regulatory standards. Nation-states eager to attract capital – and fearful of losing their tax base – lower their regulatory standards... The end result is a world where regulatory standards are at the lowest common denominator. ...

For others, the rising power of voluntary associations is even more important in constraining the state’s role in the global economy. Enthusiasts and scholars who study global civil society posit that globalization empowers a new set of nonstate actors — particularly nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The growth of NGOs, epistemic communities, public policy networks, transnational social movements, and even private orders amounts to the creation of a global civic society that is too ideationally powerful for states to ignore. In an Internet age, these groups have agenda-setting powers that compel states to take (or cease) action...

These are not the only arguments put forward about how globalization affects the state. Lawyers and sociologists look at the ever-increasing web of laws, rules, treaties, and international institutions, and see the state cosseted by global norms. Some theorists go so far as to assert that globalization requires a wholesale rejection of existing theoretical paradigms in international relations. Indeed, if there is a recurring theme that runs through the literature..., it is that economic globalization attenuates state power.

It was this kind of ideational environment that prompted me to write All Politics Is Global: Explaining International Regulatory Regimes. In the book, I conclude that globalization has been responsible for a lot of bad predictions about international relations. ...

For the past century, the standard approaches to international relations — realism and liberalism — have focused on the role that state power and national interest play in determining outcomes in world politics. All Politics Is Global argues that globalization does little to reduce the salience of these factors. One of the basic measures of aggregate power has been relative market size. The current era of globalization, if anything, reinforces that metric of power. Governments that regulate large markets — at present, the United States and European Union — will establish the rules that other actors will follow. ...

The biggest implication of All Politics Is Global is that the global political economy of this century will look only slightly different from that of the 20th century. The state will not intervene in the same crude fashion it did in the past (tariffs, quotas, capital controls) but it will intervene. Governments that regulate large domestic markets will continue to be the primary actors writing the global rules of the game. NGOs and other activists will capture media headlines and occasional moral victories, but have little long-term influence on outcomes. The proliferation of international rules, laws, and organizational forms will not limit state sovereignty — if anything, it will enhance the ability of the great powers to go forum-shopping at will. ...

What is taking place today in the theoretical debates about globalization and global governance echoes similar debates from three decades ago. During the early seventies the global economy seemed to be buffeted by one shock after another — the first oil crisis, the end of the Bretton Woods era, etc. This triggered a surge of research into the ways in which complex transnational interdependence could alter the behavior of states. This research emphasized the ways in which non-state actors and the global economy constrained states. A few years later, another wave of scholarship arose asking how the political externalities of interdependence would be regulated in an anarchic world. The result was the literature on international regimes, which pointed out the ways in which states remained the primary actors in establishing the rules of the game, while other actors and factors were “intervening variables.”

A similar yin and yang is taking place in the current theoretical debates about how economic globalization affects world politics. The first wave of this literature arrived in the nineties, highlighting the ways in which the globalization phenomenon placed added constraints on the state. All Politics Is Global belongs to a small but growing literature that looks at globalization and global governance from a state-centric perspective. ... Globalization is not irrelevant to global governance, but it is not transformative either.

Comments

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

When I look at the book, The death of Economics and The World Is Flat, believe me, I swoon. Both Thomas Freidman and Paul are excellent writers.
To see the reality I switch on the TV, I see the GREAT 8 fighting a losing battle. Three steps climbed, two steps down.

If this is Samuelson, Malthusian, Keynesian, it is a history.
I am me and you are you.

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania

[anne]

"Globalization and the Power of the State"

Though the essay is thoroughly inane, I am aumsed to listen to Tony Blair explain why hundreds of millions of dollars a year in bribes were happily paid to the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to America for the right to sell weapons to Saudi Arabia. Jobs, jobs, jobs, cried Tony Blair. What's billions of dollars in bribes for jobs jobs jobs?

[anne]

Listening to Tony Blair justify both bribing an ambassodor and covering up the bribe, and not just any bribe but a bribe of billions of dollars, is performance art of the highest order. Now, we have a sense of why the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to America suddenly chose to leave Washington. Thank you, Tony Blair.

[anne]

How many British jobs do you suppose a mere $150 million or so a year in bribes might have accounted for? There we have a profound lesson in international economics and international governance. But, what is the lesson exactly? Thank you, Tony Blair.

[anne]

"Globalization and the Power of the State"

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/07/world/europe/07cnd-prexy.html

Bush Defends Climate and Missile Plans
By SHERYL GAY STOLBERG

Climate change and Russian concerns over an American missile defense plan are expected to dominate today’s meeting of wealthy democracies.

[So, we are all for setting missiles in Eastern Europe to protect the Eastern Europeans against the, well, British. While we are all for the appearance of concern about climate change, as long as nothing is to be done about climate change.]

[anne]

Here then is modern political-economics, paying friends and friends of friends billions of dollars in bribes for jobs jobs jobs, building needless antagonistic missile systems for other friends for jobs jobs jobs, and doing all we can to heat up that which is not already hot enough speaking environmentally.

[anne]

Brad DeLong was always reminding us of relative scale, so I would scale relatively the bribes the British paid to the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to America for jobs jobs jobs against all the British assistance for AIDS in Africa or even all the British assistance to Africa.

Remind me to pay closer attention when Paul Wolfowitz and such start preaching about African morality in providing or not providing World Bank assistance....

[anne]

I am even now trying to understand however why we are decided that Poland is in grave danger of being attacked by British missiles, even if the point is jobs jobs jobs. Attacking Poland would seem awfully extreme, even for Tony Blair. I guess the idea is for America to bribe Poland to buy anti-missile missiles, in order for the British to have the rationale to build missiles ro counter the Polish defense should the British need to attack Poland; all for jobs jobs jobs.

Gee, I even like Poland.

[anne]

Even now, dozens of economists are re-designing courses for the fall to speak to the new economics I am here suggesting. Jobs, jobs, jobs. I want credit, if not more!

[anne]

Questions, feverish questions. Why and who is threatening Poland with missiles? Why ahould Russia not be busily bribing the Bolivians to set down missiles in, well, Bolivia? Panama? Mexico? Canada already has missiles.

[Lafayette]

anne: Why and who is threatening Poland with missiles?

Poland hired K-street to grease the rumour mill. So, it started a whispering campaign that the UK would lob a few missiles into Poland and all the unemployed Poles would rush back from the UK to defend their country.

In fact, what the Polish Minister of Defense wanted was justification to buy the American Patriot antimissile system, since the "real bribe" had come from Raytheon (guess what they build) - who picked up the K-street tab for the whispering campaign in DC.

It is really quite simple, all this wheeling & dealing. To understand it, all one need be is perverse. ;^)

[calmo]

My goodness anne! The shotgun blast--What did it? This bit maybe?Indeed, if there is a recurring theme that runs through the literature..., it is that economic globalization attenuates state power.Just not British Power or Us Power...or any state power that makes military hardware it appears.
You figure this distinction between globalization and nationhood is drawn a little to hastily without enough attention to those particular (esp senior) states (Lookit: even Tanzania is visiting.) and without enough/any attention to the fx (national currency market) which moderates that international economic activity?

[jonfernquest]

"Indeed, if there is a recurring theme that runs through the literature..., it is that economic globalization attenuates state power."

Yes, but there's nothing like losing your power to make you scramble around looking for a medication to gain it back again.

If a big state pushes small states around enough, what it gets back in return will infuriate it even more, like the pro-Zimbabwe vote at the UN a few weeks ago, or countries that choose not to negotiate at all because that is the best negotiating strategy. The Bremer fiasco in Iraq has to be the pinnacle, academy award winner of ham-fisted big power, banging its fists down on the table, I want, I want, I want, and look what it got back in return.

Meanwhile zoom back to the pre-Vietnam era when the US was worrying about all the little dominoes falling. With the extreme myopia that rules in Washington, they'll kick them all down all over again without ever seeing them. Unfortunately, money can't buy everything.

[anne]

Yes; Jon mentions the unmentionable.

Have no fear, the age of nationalism is not done. I know though how absurd such an essay is when we have been about bashing and smashing Iraq these 4 years, but remember when you write for the Cato-ers such considerations are not mentionable even if they come to mind and generally they do not come to mind and that is why you write for Cato.

[robertdfeinman]

Mark Thoma reads these essays, so we don't have to. We should all thank him and spend our time on better things.

There must be a threshold beyond which it is not necessary to take a person's writings seriously.

The physics journals get submissions periodically "proving" the existence of a perpetual motion machine. The editors don't waste reviewer's time evaluating them. They just send back their form letter about the impossibility of such a thing.

I think seeing Cato in a person's affiliation should be enough to stop right there.

[Mark Thoma]

I'm not sure where you got the idea that Drezner is a Cato affiliate. It's not hard to check before you make such accusations. I wrote for Cato Unbound, and I'd do so again.

His argument is that analysts are wrong - globalization won't attenuate the power of the U.S. and other large countries.

That open markets are not the solution to a power imbalance is not exactly a Cato approved position. Anyway, my reading of what he is saying is different than how it has been characterized.

[anne]

So I suppose all my plans for a perpetual motion machine are in vain.

Interestingly, I found out, Russia evidently has tested a missile designed to counter a missile shield a few days ago. Also, in terms of how determined and persisting the nuttiness of this Administration has been, I found that the initial push to convince the President to discard the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty years ago was Paul Wolfowitz.

[anne]

So, we have gone from discarding the ABM treaty to pushing to set anti-missile missiles in Poland, to Russia showing us the absurdity of setting anti-missiles in Poland, but judging by American indignation that Russia might care when we put missiles on the Russian border we will push on. We are entirely, hopelessly nutty.

[anne]

Ah; other than through posts by Brad DeLong or Mark Thoma, I choose not to read National Review or American Enterprise or Cato. I would not write for them, though Cato is supposed to be the most reasonable. George Borjas chose to write for National Review a few days ago, but I would not read the post.

The problem I have with Daniel Drezner's essay, is what I find an encompassing triteness. No, Virginia, France is not being gobbled up by international gobblins, and France is part of the European Union already. Heck, the EU still has no Constitution and little chance of having any soon.

[anne]

Mark Thoma and Daniel Drezner, however, have done me at least a favor with this essay and I am thankful for the post for all me complaining. Though the essay is completely obvious, I find considerable interest in understanding nationalism, which I do not understand.

Mark Thoma:

"His argument is that analysts are wrong - globalization won't attenuate the power of the U.S. and other large countries."

This post has given me reason to consider and set down notes for myself on nationalism, though not understanding the concept. So please remember, that complaining does not mean lack of gratitude or consideration. Also, I know Mark Thoma's summary is apt and correct but do not really know why analysts have argued otherwise; as they have.

[dale]

Well Anne, there's nationalism and then there's nationalism. Since we grant each other our political rights through the institutions of the nation state and since there is no other global institution in which to ground and enforce rights, nationalism has a honorable role to play.

As to Drezner's thesis- I hope he is right. But written directly into our current trade regimes are trade rules that attenuate national, regional and local political power. One example is Chapter 11 of NAFTA.

One could design trade regimes with the intention of promoting global social democracy. But it is my understanding that our current trade regimes are more attuned to promoting corporate and investor rights at the expense of local, state, and national, democratic regulatory powers. The very fact of global economic integration cries out for new structures of global political integration. But I do have the distinct impression that the economic one-worlders, for the most part, are not interested in a global social democratic mode of integration.

Reading this article I get a sense that we are being distracted away from the realities of economic globalization. Talking about the nation state retaining and enhancing its powers to promote and defend a corporate world order is different from the concerns that our current economic globalization regimes may indeed be attenuating our ablility to create a more perfect New Deal or Social Democratic way of life- or even keep what we currently have.

[anne]

There now is an interesting argument, but I am not sure how to respond and must think further. My mother would tell us as we traveled, "we are citizens of the world." I always liked the idea.

[Mark Thoma]

With respect to writing at Cato Unbound and elsewhere:

I spent four years where I literally did not watch George Bush utter a single word. If he was on TV, the radio, etc., I shut it off as fast as I could. I just couldn't take it.

The reward was he got reelected. I decided I wouldn't do that anymore, that I would engage them on their turf if need be, but I wasn't going to just leave it out there unrebutted. We have to speak up, and I wasn't doing my share.

Some have the notion that you shouldn't even engage with AEI types, etc., but I disagree. Their ideas are out there and if somebody doesn't at least try to rebut them, they become accepted in the mainstream. There's been some progress - some hacks are now known and discounted, but it will take a lot, lot more work (and I'm a mesquito in the overall effort). So, I (and I hope others) will take my arguments wherever I need to take them. I'm not going to shine a light on some of the crap out there by engaging with every clown who espouses idiocies, that's a mistake too as it can give the message credibility where none is due, but I'm not about to back down just because it's at Cato, AEI, NRO, etc. I hope others will also get in there, duke it out, and get this nonsense straightened out. And when they do, it's likely to show up here.

I can be quite shrill, but I've decided that isn't my best strategy. People will listen to me more, I think, if I state my arguments in a straightforward manner and leave the entertainment to those who do it better. I have my moments (daily perhaps), and will again, and I get mad at myself sometimes for not coming at things with both barrels, but the point is to be heard and I've decided this is the best way, for now at least.

That carries over to the war as well. I just can't decide how much politics to do here, and I sometimes think I should do more, but it seems I will be most effective overall if I continue to try to emphasize economics. So that's what I've done, mostly.

It's hard - I know very little about the average reader or what they are looking for - so I muddle around and try to figure out what to do here. It's even harder because about a year ago I stopped looking at traffic totals. I look at where people are coming from, etc., but I have no idea what my traffic is these days (that way, I'm not tempted to write just to up traffic totals).

Anyway, right or wrong, that's how I think about this.

[anne]

Well, you are right of course and I am wrong; so there. I knew I was wrong even while arguing, and I am grateful for the response; not that I like being wrong. Whether I am ready to change, however, is the question. Sort of like growing up, which I am always reluctant to do completely. But, you are right.

[robertdfeinman]

Mark Thoma:
I think there is a difference between what you do and what we, the chorus, do. You have some authority when you speak on economic matters. Whether others think it is worth something is, I guess, in the eye of the beholder.

We don't have the same credibility. So what we do has to be of a different nature. Therefore, it is entirely appropriate for you to go after those who you think are wrong, dishonest or just plain dumb. We can mostly just agree or disagree, but we don't really bring anything extra to the discussion.

I've been involved in many (mostly pointless) debates with libertarians and others of a similar stripe and I don't think I've ever changed anyone's mind.

What I try to do is join in discussions where other non-specialists congregate and do some consciousness raising. Mostly I do this by citing those who know what they are talking about and/or citing various reports or statistics. My personal opinion articles I post on my web site, seldom directly on blogs.

This is the only site that I visit which is run by a professional (although oildrum.com comes close). So you will have to put up with our discontent with some of the foibles of the economics profession. I tried posting elsewhere, but people like Mankiw are more intolerant than you are. He deletes remarks he doesn't agree with.

So keep wielding your sword, but don't pay attention if we fail to follow each attack, some are just too arcane...

[Mark Thoma]

Thanks.

The comments have been one of the most surprising parts of doing this. I learn a lot.

[sk]

robertfeinman: I've been involved in many (mostly pointless) debates ....and I don't think I've ever changed anyone's mind.

Well, maybe you've not changed anyone's mind but you provided many thoughtful ideas. I believe people like me learned a lot from what you had to say. I would remember what you said when I think on those topics upon which you helped me think better and more. Thanks.

Mark,
Without controversy, it's hard to go further. So I like to see controversies here. Some may agree with you and other may not.
Thanks to your blogging efforts, people speak up on many issues here and I guess you are doing more than your share of contribution to the society whether commenters agree with you or not.

[Lafayette]

rdf: I've been involved in many (mostly pointless) debates with libertarians and others of a similar stripe and I don't think I've ever changed anyone's mind.

This is a common mistake made; that is, thinking that debate was either (1) to be “won”, or (2) that it should serve to change someone’s mind even if indirectly. It is such a powerful notion as to alter the character of the debate – often rendering debate useless, it can be so debilitating.

Debate is a method of elucidating, that’s all. The exchange of points-of-view broaden our intellectual horizon. It rarely changes anyone’s mind and only debates in a court of law come close to the notion of “winning”. But, neither are forums courts of law.

Debate is akin to reading a book, but more interactive.

The attribute of “winning” is cultural and I doubt Americans can understand how important it is in their individualist culture and how unimportant it is in many, many other cultures. That is, until they have actually lived abroad for a great number of years.

As sociologists will say, “It is very often difficult to tell the forest from the trees”. Especially when we all live within a forest of cultural values (the collectivity – community, town, state/region, nation) and such great diversity in the trees exist.

All nations are in the midst of development, whether economic or social or financial or … whatever. Which means, quite simply, that the only constant in life is change.

And debate. Aside from sex, it is perhaps the most sociable of human needs.

[Fiorozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

rdf: I've been involved in many (mostly pointless) debates with libertarians and others of a similar stripe and I don't think I've ever changed anyone's mind.
Debate is akin to reading a book, but more interactive.
Lafayette says...
I read the comments of ANNE AND MANY. We are not trying to be poetic. This is a reality. It poet you tend to emotional. This is a fact. Let me explain. This is a think tank and gives the best that you can have, call this inactive or active, The truth has to come out this is not a movie.
Was the WMD right? Was Saddam related to Osama? Was this not the vengeance of Bush for the attack of Saddam on Kuwait? Was this not also the father’s failures in the American economy?
Was Mr. Tony Blaire really prepared to go to war? Were not the dossier sexed up and BBC had a problem and Andrew Gilligan has to leave BBC and the chairman too?
What we are talking about is like the prince who has a wand. He waves and the frog turns into the princess.
Here it is Mr. Bush who holds the wand. He nominates any one he likes. The World Bank farce cannot be forgotten. He keeps the smile and in the Great 8 meeting there is still a disparage in what to do about the mislaid shield. Putin is opposed to Bush and Tony Blaire states something more rubbish now. Brown visits the Iraq and the withdrawal program of the British soldiers according to him ought to be speeded up but Blaire is quite on this and states that the media is killing the people.
I agree. But if the media do not report what do we read, how do we know what is happening where. To shut the mouth of the media is to kill Mr. Blaire’s wrong doing. After all it is the millions of mail that knocked him out of the office.
Even now I doubt if THE GREAT8 will deliver the short listed pledge.
I thank Anne for putting the picture the way the wall is painted. Matches.

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

China under pressure over currency

Sir. Thank you
Moscow abuzz with Putin term talk
Just a small detour. The democrat in USA and Putin May be this will remove the cobwebs
Will Vladimir Putin seek a third term as Russian president? Moscow’s political world is abuzz with speculation that he might – but not immediately.
To be very honest, I like Putin more then any president on the earth. He is what he wants to be. He hypes not about the democracy all over the world or does not scare the weak. He talks of Russian policies and economy. I like that sort of president rather. He is prepared to put up the missile shield over the Russia in case. Some power put up the shield near his towns.
There is nothing wrong with this. Talk. He is like John F. Kennedy, young charismatic and Russians love him, although the papers may say many things that had happened in USSR, but we are talking of Putin not the USSR.
I thank you.
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

I buy Chinese goods not because of the Trade or politics or the Greta 8 arguments or the Paris Club or the Playboy club.

It is simple.
I cannot afford the French or Italian leather jackets or the Moroccan leather pouches or the Tiffany’s jewelries.
I am happy as me.
I do not have money in this dog eat dog world or ABN AMRO and Barclay s quarrel.
I have limited income.
Bush or other sanction I do not care.
I want the Chinese stuff because these days they last. To hell with the currency imbalance. I have to look at my wallet not the super powers.

To be very honest, close the Chinese goods, you close Europe.

I thank you
Firozali A.Mulla P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa.

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Globalization has taught me one thing. Mr. Bush holds the magic wand to give any one the seat deserved or not.
After wrangling about the World Bank Manager, Mr. Blair was to be nominated so the rumors had it. Then UN secretary. Now today 28th June 2007 just after he has handed all the problems of the last ten years and being very friendly with Mr. Bush, Mr. Tony Blaire bows good bye to the 10 Downing Street leaving the office to be cleaned by the new comes to go to become the Envoy of the Middle East.
Now I call this the game. What exactly is Middle East? Simple the WMD failure and the oils now can be spilt between British and American. There is clear evidence in the newspaper “The Independent “of England that there are pilferages in oil. If Sunnis blast the mosque of Shias and if Shias bomb the mosques on Sunnis, the word is the mosques are the very holy shrines to both. So someone else moves the mouse and eats on the already to the bones chewed animal the vultures ride to see if they can take out few marrow from the skull just in case.
Mr. Blaire is involved in the oil pilferages.
Period. Iraq economy has to come to end as the British are disliked by Hamid Karzai and wants the British to get away from his soil. But the British say they will stay
.
Is this democracy, globalization or the rich becoming rich and poor becoming poor?
This is farce. DOW JONES hit 12000 in June 1999 and there was a jubilance ,Now it is above 13000 and the CPI index is still dicey not to show that there is no money in the coffer but there is a play some where there is no money and fiduciary issues are in the circle,

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

American power
Still No.1
Jun 28th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Wounded, tetchy and less effective than it should be, America is still the power that counts

"My identity is very clear to me now, I am a black woman, I'm not alone, I'm free. I don't have to be an imitation of a white woman that Hollywood sort of hoped I'd become. I'm me, and I'm like nobody else."

Lena Horne

Sir:

May I correct the headlines please? It ought to read All VS the USA. At the moment no one likes USA .When you talk of West you include the country that are good. I like UK, Germany (after the Wall broken), France after the Chirac legacy, The Scotland ( I do not consider this a part of England or UK as It is forcer”Laboured country”,)
Canada falls in the West and is the puppet of Mr. Bush but Canadian work in the deferrent manner and I would shy it out from The Western Category, I would like this too to be called forced into the dialogue by the Bush administration.

I like Putin’s policy because it irritates Mr. Bush. I do not wish to talk of Mr. Tony Blaire as he has the Church of the Lord religion (I have no idea what religion that is, now he is catholic, Christian. What was before he was forced out offered job of the secretary ship of UN, Now withdrawn, The World Manager sorry passed on to the American, then the Middle East Envoy.
I find the West VS East no longer a feasible phrase. I think it is USA VS the world.
The reason is simple China, India Russia, England, Germany, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi, Middle East (Israel excluded) do not want the forced polices of Mr. Bush. He is too much of the veto power superman.
The CIA displays family jewels

This is bad for the country as the dirty tricks the CIA played for the year 1955 to 1977. With the Country that calls the world to be democratic and has the inner machinery to torture and sabotage the daily working of the citizen is not America. It is Mr. Bush’s country. Late John F. Kennedy‘s file opens and closes and there is no trace of the assassination.
Sir I do not call this country democratic or even that has human rights. It is out of the boundary to call this country the FREEDOM FOR PEOPLE country.
Sir. Mr. Bush for vengeance has made the lives of the Global village very poor that the rich become rich and poor, poor and what is more there is an echo that Bush tries too hard to stay put in Iraq.
Let elaborate.
There is an embassy that flies the flag of USA and there is the killing of innocent children in the country daily. American troops state their wrong doing but the atrocities continue.
Did Mr. Bush goes for oil or Saddam?
Venezuela opposed to U.S. missile shield in Europe - Chavez
Mr. Bush is scared that Russia an India with North Korea will have the third world war start again. He little realizes that he is the most respite , spitted upon man, any man but the humans standards after the farced war in Iraq and now Hamid Karzai shouting to him, “Please get out:.”
Mr. Bush thinks of the armament race again.
He has little worries about the ordinary arms races the terrorist that happened in London and Scotland today 1st July 2007. But no, he wants the power. He wants to be called the powerful nation. Little does he realize that the statuary funds or the so called up rising of the dollar is fictions and not real. Why race for the arms when the American is digging deeper in their pockets?

I thank you
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

A time comes in ones life when one realizes that all that glitter is definitely not gold or even copper or bars plated. It is nuts and bolts or call it a mirage.
Here I am. Yesterday 3rd July 2007, Mr. Bush waves the magic wand and woomm goes the judiciary system into the big bang. There is no justice when Politicians especially when the president put his hands into books of the justice. Scooter Libby was guilty. Mr., Bush says the imprisonment is too harsh. There is hue and cry in the Senate. Mr. Bush on 4th July my time East African say there is no pardon to Libby scooter. Tell me is he guilty or is he friend of the politician who talk or pledges and never fulfill these?
I am sort of confused believe me?
I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

No Cold War if U.S. keeps out of Europe, vows Russia's Ivanov

NATO expansion a relapse into Cold War: Russian minister
Moscow, July 5 (RIA Novosti) Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Thursday that NATO's further expansion eastward was reminiscent of the Cold War standoff between the then Soviet Union and the West.

'We do not think NATO's expansion is necessary, and believe the policy is a relapse into the Cold War,' Lavrov told a news conference following talks with his Finnish counterpart.
Moscow, July 5 (RIA Novosti) Russia's prosecutors Thursday formally refused to extradite businessman Andrei Lugovoi, accused by Britain of murdering former Russian security officer Alexander Litvinenko.

Goes on to show that there is law and order in Russia. The farces three NETWEST grabbed from the bed taken without anyone knowing is the first I have come across in the legal system since I was educated in Law, economics and political science.
UK has failed the English badly. The original Law was from India then this was redrafted like we see the movies with sub titles in India. UK reformed but Mr. Bush being friendly with Mr. Tony Blaire had the here British citizen taken in dark.
Where was Scotland Yard the very much harped about Police?
It is a sham in the legal system of British.
Russia has done the correct statute.
How can you grab a man from Russia when the British spy died in UK no matter where he was .He was a spy?
All UK terror detainees may not be charged (Night Lead)

Bravo. Thank you. Mr. Brown and the new cabinet. Had it been in the era of Mr. Tony Blaire he would have called Mr. Bush and requested “Hey George I have caught some doctors who are English, I am not sure they have any relationships with Osama or Sadam, but there they are. Wanted to blow me out of 10 Downing Street. What do you say pal". Comes back the reply," YO Blaire, you are chicken. Under the terrorists act of 1234 the terrorist are terrorists. They can be doctors, British, Scottish, Spanish, Pakis, Indian, Nurses, Muslims, but they are the countries dreaded people like Robin Hood. Put them in the cooler. No lawyer, no cell, no TV, no letters even from the mother in law. Act tough. Do I have to teach you how to handle the ruffians?”
Thank you.
Putin so far is doing well to keep the vultures who want the marrow to be taken out of the skull.

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

What is ECONOMICS when there is NASA and the poor countries begging but the effluent keep them poor poor? The test is enhanced by the rich to tell poor, “You earthlings you were born poor you stay, beg and die poor. Who wants you anyway”?
Is this economic or the politics or the Indian populations that is untouchable even after independence and the IT boom in India.

EU told not to meddle in Africa summit invite list
"Today it's Zimbabwe. Tomorrow it could be us or another country", the deputy foreign minister added, according to AFP.
This is a hood wink by the South African who now that they are at the moment the thriving country and other are the laggards and riled with corruption.
Sir; the idea is absurd. The African countries live on the EU donation and to tell them not to medal is voiced by one is cutting the money supply of others. Oh! How political torture works in modern times?
Earth is smaller by some millimeters than previously assumed
Thomas Friedman in his BOOK THE EARTH IS FLAT is right. He says we are a small village. Why do we argue? Then we want Pluto thrown out after spending millions to find this then “Hello, Mr. Pluto, we made a small error in excel. You are not a planet. We just found out. Any one can make mistake. Sorry."
Earth is smaller by some millimeters than previously assumed
Thomas Friedman in his BOOK THE EARTH IS FLAT is right. He says we are a small village. Why do we argue? Then we want Pluto thrown out after spending millions to find this then “Hello, Mr. Pluto, we made a small error in excel. You are not a planet. We just found out. Any one can make mistake. Sorry."

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Here comes another buzz word. Before the Tony fever goes away we need the whole UK turned upside down. Why? The doctors were underpaid, overworked, English, depended on the meager salary and not having proper English language as an asset being told of this get fed up and decide to blow the NHS system. Now let us look at the arena.
Are these terrorist or are they named thus.
With coming the test of Brown is set.
And call and the bugle come in for the change in the law, the constitution. Where were all sleeping when Tony Blaire blew the WMD dossier awry?
Was not the time then?
The Great Britain is surely becoming Small Britain?
No I have nothing against Blaire or Bush. Like Law and common man I look for the rights the human rights set in Geneva and locked for the elite.
Is this UK farce again?
Need I shout out aloud that the freedom of speech does not exist? It is the one who has plenty of coins in his pocket talks and other dumbfounded begging for the bread listen be this truth or not. They must nod.

Is this really human .Darwin must be turning in the grave laughing his head off. See I told you, you are apes. Do you have to prove this?

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Constitutional reform

Without voting reform, Brown's constitutional plans mean nothing

The above had the heading that was chooped off.

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Iraq: is the U.S. Starting to Maneuver?

Speaking at a news conference in the White House Rose Garden recently, President George W. Bush said that the U.S.'s massive offensive in Iraq would end in September, after which the American troops there would be redeployed into defensive positions. This suggests that Bush has accepted the Baker-Hamilton report. It may be recalled that this report, prepared by a Congressional commission, contains two main requirements: set a clear timeframe on the pullout of U.S. troops, and open negotiations on the situation in Iraq with neighboring countries - Iran and Syria. Bush has now described the report, which he effectively rejected six months ago, as a "road map" for peace in Iraq.

Sir. I will believe this when the USA embassy in Iraq lowers the flag and the American soldiers are out. The reason is simple. Even Australian Prime minister Howard is telling, "We are not there for oil, it was just a coincidence that we went there to help plaster the wounded and the bleeding. But stay we will. Oil is the secondary reason. We love our soldiers. But OIL, OIL OIL

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Mr. Bush what is the difference in Iraq now after Sadam when there is no offensive or defensive debate?
The reign is in your very capable hands. Why wait till September, the season gets cooler in Iraq in September.
You see enough is enough. We had had lies lies lies lies too many. Now September or December. I would reckon you do it then tell us. That would put back a little shine on the name that is losing the popularity.
I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Now here comes the truth just the truth that is a bitter pill to swallow. The Army major in the Iraq says the allied forces will have to stay in Iraq for more then 10 to 15 years.
Assuming that the Mr. Bush told the public right about the WMD, assuming that Mr., Blaire knowing one yearbook refused to go to war, assuming that the there is , and there is no relationship of Saddam and Osama, assuming that the democracy call is in line with what the power nations want.
Why do the Americans want to hold on to sty in Iraq?
Two reason. Saudi does not want Iraq to be the Shia dominated as this will be then the shaking hands with Iran and Saudi does not like Iran, then Persia.
Number two, The Embassy of The American was not built for any reason if the stay was to be short. The tents and the small tin houses would have been good enough for the American to stay and throw the Iraq in chaos after Saddam
But the picture is not the sand dunes no it the American life but the economy of USA that is showing cracks. The FP.com lists many countries that are doomed. The Power for the People, the book well acclaimed for the super power dominating states like FP.COM that although the paper dollar is shining it is in anticipation of the oil that will come.
Put simply Mr. Blaire was thorn in the wheel of the usurping of the oil as was robin cook. . Colin Powell on 9th admitted that the USA ought not to go to war. However the democracy call was a fake one.
What has been the result? Russia, North Korea, China, India, Iran know that American president is plying with the game that he thinks he understands. Page 45 of the book Power to the people clearly states hoe the big Powers broke the backbones of the poor countries and how they put the spokes in the economics of these countries that would keep on bagging for aid.
What we have is the purest form of hiperocracy.
Tell the person to steal and tell the Police who is going to steal where and when. This I must have mentioned many a times about the lying politicians.
They seem to win.
What is the position of the Great Britain? It is a puppet unless Mr. Brown wakes to the call that there is no help coming from any country and that he ought to stick with EU.
EURO is gaining and the dollars has to come no matter what the pundits predict.

I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

U.S. Envoy Offers Grim Prediction on Iraq Pullout

Sir: If this is not the killer I have no more to say. This sure tells Mr. Bush, “Please pack up from Iraq and Afghanistan, you are not wanted. The armory is gone and we need more weapons and vehicles that have taken pounding since years. . The Vietnam saga re stumped again. Mr. Bush Please leave the Ira. The Arabs do not like you. In fact you are so unpopular that the kids everywhere wear the T shirt LEVE IRA AND PLAESTINES. That doe not tell me about the donated shirts but the letters tell me a lot. The kids know that this will work one day. After all there millions who are wearing these so the parents know and the neighbors know and the towns know and the city knows and the world knows. When is the resting place? We will all be happy. White Christmas now not to wait till December. No not for us. For the soldiers who are tired.

Road to New Life After Katrina Is Closed to Many
Bush to Declare Progress in Iraq on Some Benchmarks
Finance in glut…
Investors’ flight from risk picks up pace
By Paul J Davies and Gillian Tett
Adrian Hamilton: How we can help Washington to leave Iraq
We can't, having torn Iraq apart, just walk away as if it were no longer our responsibility
Interviewed on the radio this week, a leading Democrat senator in Washington suddenly came out with the plea that "Britain should announce its intention of withdrawing from Iraq. That would help the US do the same thing."
Like this or not, the English sure hate the Americans.

[Firozali a Mulla MBA PhD]

The best thing that happened to me was on 24th July 2007
I was asked to speak to one professor about the Global warming. I spoke and I was asked if the professor satisfied my question. I went ahead and stated no he had not and spoke to him that the FP.COM foreign policy magazine has a list of files states Thomas Friedman on page 395 has stated that China and India will go on their way. They do not seem to take interest in the global warming that is west seems to have made. I mean I agree with the population and the warning phenomena. It has nothing to do with it. In Africa if we increase the population 50 times more in next twenty odd years we still will not emit more carbon because we have no big industry at all and we realize that the West is causing this. The West even if thy do cut of the population will not make ant difference as they are going with IT and producing and emitting more carbon then ever. Al Gore and Arni the governor of California are on this but Mr. Bush being the president does not speak about this. So where the failed states of Africa as do reported in the FORIGN POLICY say (FP.COM).
We are far behind not just to know what carbon does but we have no idea how to measure this pack this sell this and find the buyer with whom we can barter meat for carbon????
... I was thanked. When I came to look at the HAVE YOUR SAY in BBC on 25th July the next day there was no column or no commentary on this. Does BBC keep us awake to reply to their question and forgets to post these. In the net.
I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir
Do these two lines today Saturday 28th July 2007 make nay sense of the direction plus rice going to the Middle East and Blaire will not be accepted. He did his own country bad, how can he do well to the Middle East. Skeptical very skeptical remarks no answers yet
U.S. Set to Offer Huge Arms Deal to Saudi Arabia
As U.S. Rebuilds, Iraq Won’t Act on Finished Work
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

The Galobalisation and the frace. Is it really farce?
What pushes children into urban streets?
Sir:
There is a phrase. People go where people go.
It is not the news if you write about the Tanzanian children only. We are talking of the Tanzanian young and old. The children are but one issue.
Take one Daily paper remarks yesterday 31st July 2007, of the grafts in judiciary system and one judge retiring.
We are talking of the city, can you imagine what is the possibility of having any legality in small places where all know all and the poor suffer. The urban always has the eyes of the jobs, education, health and p4ace of mind but we are not talking to the children
Sir. This is a lush. The Tanzanian are moving from rural to greener pasture. In adult, although we call this Brain Drain. In children we call going from the bare necessities to the small crumb of bread or small piece of maize.
At least there are cars that need washing in spite of having no water in tapes. Sarcasm. No sir. Reality. We are naïve to the reality of believing that out economy is smoothly marching on simply because we have more illiterates then educated. Tanzania does not want educated. Tanzania needs those who can avoid tax and the cases opened disappear in the out by greasing the palm of the lawyers and our system. That is we live in totally corrupt system but hide our heads like ostrich.
Tanzanians visit SA for shopping and leisure

2007-08-01 08:51:12
By David Mambo
I love this article. Read this with the following makes a fantastic democratic country we have. Sir. What we have is “Where does all the money of the visitors come from?”
I request this as Tanzania is on brink of collapsed stats as per Foreign Policy report, check this on FP.COM. We are surviving on donations. How come the individuals go out for shopping? I mean can’t we invest in Tanzania only or we have lost trust in the Governmental governance? CCM parents` wing leaders purged
Sir: A relief that some sort of democracy prevails in Tanzania. This is the fist CCM news but there are many that are under the hidden agendas example The BoT scandal is not yet out, The twin tower of The BoT the price is going up up up and I doubt if we will ever know how much and when we will have the correct figure. By that time the contractors will wind up, the companies of all types of contractors closed and the registrar will have no knowledge of the members of the member that floated the company. Don’t we have one case of M. Bank Ltd. Registrar of the Company refuses to give the names of members. Believe me this is the fist time in the laws of the Table A, I come across this farce.
So is Tanzania Dying or killing itself. I think as a Tanzanian we are killing ourselves and others in asking for loans and not keeping any record of these. Thefts and graft are plentiful
I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir
No matter what the accountabity of the Arab is, I think the welcome accorded to the Saudi Ruler, the King, received form the history writing. That is not difficult. Only made difficult. Sir:
Here is what I mean.
You just cannot call a guest and get the demonstrations on the road and talked of his entourage. He had so many planes and he has many wives. I think this time English have been at the worst hosting. Even the refuges or the terrorists get a better welcome. No am not comparing. Just reading from the press.
The above is about the visit of King of Saudi Arabia, his visit as a Muslim. He saw the huge demonstration and the English papers, all of them talked a lots about this.
I thank you
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PHD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir
The Arabs Are In....
The Arabs Are In..
The Arabs Are In
Tell me what is the joke about the camels and the big rooms. I think the world has got kind of wired up after the King of Saudi went to UK. Well, he was invited, was he not? I doubt if any one gatecrashes into some one's land without the invitation card. The rebuke that was shown to the King in UK showed me not anything more of English snobbery but more. Chaves scoffs at the West. He has told the West," Attack Iran the oil that is now at 99 goes up 200. The meeting of the Arabs together is long due to show the solidarity the faith all have in oneness. I see nothing to laugh about. Honest. Let us take this as a step of the solidifying the Arabs as one. They need this dose after Saddam has gone. This in turn will help Iraq too. At least the soldiers who are eating the free meals will have to go back to the lands where the dollar is at its lowest and CIP (Consumers Price Index) low
This column is as a think tank for many. I understand the misuse of the few narrow heads here too.
Something strange about this header is crazy. It is either not complete or left for us to understand
The Arabs are in money making business. That is not wrong. At least it is better then Enron, CITI, Northern Rock that gave loans and is under heavy pressure to give up, rather it is breathing its last.
The Arabs are in unity at last
The Arabs Are In march to see that the poor that were left out by the Graet8, Paris Club, UN, the many NGOs the puppets of USA, the globalizations failure to contain the emission and blame others.
The Arabs Are In solidarity to show the world that dollar is not a good currency

I thank you

Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir
1st December THE DREADED DAY?? for some???
Estimate of AIDS Cases In U.S. Rises
New Test Places the Rate Of Infection 50 Percent Higher
By David Brown
Washington Post Staff Writer
Saturday, December 1, 2007;
Sir
I am posting this while I watch AlJazeera TV and Omar the reporter is on the report in the South African town of Grateful Dead Live at Avalon Ballroom on 1967-01-27 (January 27, 1967)
Welcome to Avalon
The City of Destiny

200 are buries every weekend
There are about 2 million people with HIV in South Africa
5,000,000 in Vietnam
India has The Delhi Public awareness but the medicines are nor given out
Were are we in the modern It age having the precise laser guns that can kill in the darkest of the darn night still grope to keep LIVING probing for the medicines that are about us dollar 2 per patient per day.
I find this very sad
And who do I blame. The rich politicians who want more powers money for themselves but scream, " WE care, we must do something, we are going global, we want the world to know that we are here to help" okay I heard sir, but this needs cash not the smooth word coming out like the times you kissed the babies for votes and washed your lips and hands with the strongest detergents to get rid of the insects because I touched the baby with HIV???????
Is this it?
I thank you
Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[anne]

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/30/AR2007113002535_pf.html?nav=rss_nation

December 1, 2007

Estimate of AIDS Cases In U.S. Rises: New Test Places the Rate Of Infection 50 Percent Higher
By David Brown - Washington Post

New government estimates of the number of Americans who become infected with the AIDS virus each year are 50 percent higher than previous calculations suggested, sources said yesterday.

For more than a decade, epidemiologists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have pegged the number of new HIV infections each year at 40,000. They now believe it is between 55,000 and 60,000.

The higher estimate is the product of a new method of testing blood samples that can identify those who were infected within the previous five months. With a way to distinguish recent infections from long-standing ones, epidemiologists can then estimate how many new infections are appearing nationwide each month or year.

The higher estimate is based on data from 19 states and large cities that have been extrapolated to the nation as a whole.

The CDC has not announced the new estimate, but two people in direct contact with the scientists preparing it confirmed it yesterday.

What is uncertain is whether the American HIV epidemic is growing or is simply larger than anyone thought. It will take two more years of using the more accurate method of estimation to spot a trend and answer that question....

[Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD]

And this is yet another farce GOD Relegion etc
In God's name, November 3rd
In Allah's name or I phrase this, in the creator's name. Why do I quibble about the name of the creator?
The doctors around the globe, after stitching the patient's head will tell the panicked relative waiting outside the ICU chewing their nails," I have done all I could, Now we leave the matter in the hand of God." Does that sound familiar?
Why quibble over the name of the creator. Call him what you want, we know there is someone up there who has the bigger power. What is more, knowingly or unknowing, we turn to him in grief only (self human st that too), then forget the whole episode.
Well there it is I, you, him, they, she, and all.
I am amazed after Darwin we still are on the expedition to find the creator.
I thank you
Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir
I am surprised at the criticism aimed at Obama or Clinton or Bush. The reason is simple. This is simple. Does it give us any benefits? Is there any improvement in the word that we throw with al the might? No. Think how many you already have the eyes piercing words that have not changed anything past nor brought you the Katrina victims, the Tsunami victims’ pledge that is still not fulfilled, these are but few of the promises made not happened. When you consider the span of the seat the presidents occupy in the posh leathered back, there is still more then what they can do.. However, this is not done. Now we come to new baby kissers. Say I. The fighting politicians all the might will come and tell you that your child is very sweet kiss the child then ask the secretary to give the strongest detergent to get rid of the smell. That is politics. The problem is we know we vote for change and that is the promise always, there is never the change. So why do we scream change for all. We hardly see any change since year in tax or the medicals and schools benefits. The politicians are bigger reptiles then the chameleon changing colors. One day it will be subsidy but there is increase in the medical or SEC comes in to check the books. UN is the pseudo body of the White House so you see little in Darfur but all want the peace. Talk of recent events Pakistan Bhutto is dead; Scotland Yard goes after the roads have been swept clean by powerful water splashed. No trace. Then of course, we will have the new Musharaf bigger tyrant then ever. He has been in the military. His grips are now stronger. However, we will also hear the politicians shouting, "We need to on course in Pakistan because of Taliban, Osama, and we cannot leave Iran as we have more infrastructures to build. All lies and more lie about the missile shield. The two ways of talking of the nuke program. One for Iran, one for Israel. We have three standards everywhere.
To chop off any we will elect a new president and another listening to the changes and promise. Why cannot we be a little tolerant and let them do what they want to do without our no need advices. Change indeed. Has anyone changed the stance in the global warming? Bush is counting days in his office and still the strong shots of veto ring out. Why do we have this veto?
I thank you
Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD]

Sir Is this new seeling technique 15th jan 2008?

I am not in the Saudi but the TV of the day is very interesting. Well almost I would say humorous. There is reason. Mr. Bush
He came to the Saudi, told the Saudi they had a problem from Iran, Better be warmed and be on guard. Buy more weapons from me. Then he goes to the other parts the Middle East. Same message to all the Arab land. Then he comes back to the Saudi and tells the King, this are my word as I do not speak Arabic.” We need oil. We need this very badly. We are facing problems as we may go in recession. Please increase the output and we will buy wall the oil. Please Iran is a threat. We are in fact attacking the Iran trade by calling of all the pistachios. We will give these to the world. But please increase oil. We need oil. Iran is attacking you. Oil please.”
Well this is slightly exaggerated but the lingo is same if you translate in the language of politicians.
Am I right? More questions then answer.
I thank you
Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa

[Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD]

And yet another top selling game in USA , who else.
Care to look at the poison near you from the 21st Century Vitamins group.
PRODUCT DETAILS:
One Daily Energy - 75 Tablets
Support For All-Day Energy
Compare Active Ingredients To One-A-Day® All-Day Energy

Quantity:
75 Tablets

Description:
21st Century’s® One Daily Energy is a complete multivitamin formulated with more energy essential B-vitamins and a prolonged release Guarana blend to support all-day energy for the body and the mind.*

Instructions:
For adult use only. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if you are pregnant or nursing. Do not use if product appears to be tampered with or seal is broken. Store at room temperature.

For Your Health:
Unconditionally guaranteed for purity, freshness and label potency. No Added Sugar, Yeast, Preservatives or Artificial Flavors. Manufactured in an FDA inspected facility.

Directions:
As a dietary supplement, adults take one (1) tablet daily with any meal, or as directed by your healthcare provider. Do not exceed recommended dosage.

Note: This product contains about as much caffeine as one cup of coffee and may cause adverse reaction in those with a health condition or sensitivity that may be aggravated by caffeine.Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under 6. Keep this product out of reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or poison control center immediately.

One-A-Day® All-Day Energy is a registered trademark of Bayer Healthcare, LLC. Morristown, NJ 07962
*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
And do I buy this? Yes. I am told the Indian medication is too weak and Chinese medicines come from Thailand marked Made in ROT, I am dazzled. I need something so I buy or die??? Who gets the cash The American Company that sells in the name of medicines?
To add to this we have the big dialogue about toys paint on the toys from the East, Looks like small magnets come off and babies chew these. So these are to be taxed at the higher brackets. There you pay up any way

I thank you
Firozali A Mulla MBA PhD
P.O.Box 6044
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tanzania
East Africa