Definitions
Quantity equation
Velocity of money
Equation of exchange
Consumption, disposable income, MPC and MPS
Investment
Government spending
Aggregate demand or expenditures
Autonomous expenditures
Expenditure multiplier
Autonomous money demand
IS curve
LM curve
Policy effectiveness
Crowding out
Short-run and long-run in AD/AS model
Essay
These are from the first set of review questions and cover the material we didn't get to for the first exam:
21. Use the supply and demand model for bank reserves to explain and illustrate the effects of (a) an open market operation to buy bonds, (b) a decrease in the discount rate, and (c) an increase in required reserves.
22. Describe the three tools available to the Fed for controlling the money supply. How do defensive and dynamic open-market operations differ? How do primary, seasonal, and secondary credit differ? What are the advantages of open-market operations relative to the other tools?
23. What is meant by the phrase lender of last resort? Why is this important? Explain and show graphically how the Fed uses discount rate policy to act as a lender of last resort and how this serves to limit the amount the federal funds rate can rise.
And here are the rest:
1. Explain the quantity theory of money. Explain the Cambridge approach and illustrate that it leads to the same identity as the quantity theory. What assumptions are imposed to arrive at a theoretical statement?
2. Is velocity a constant in Keynes liquidity preference theory? When actual data is examined, does velocity appear to be a constant? Why is this important?
3. What is the money demand function in the classical model?
4. Discuss the transactions, precautionary, and speculative motives for holding money in Keynes liquidity preference theory. When all three motives are put together, what theory of money demand emerges?
5. Show the money demand curve graphically and explain why it slopes downward. Show how the money demand curve shifts when income increases.
6. According to Baumol, the transactions demand for money depends upon the interest rate as well as nominal income. Explain why the transactions demand for money depends upon the interest rate. Why is this important?
7. What did Tobin add to Keynes theory of the speculative demand for money? Why was this development important?
8. Explain Friedman's Modern Quantity Theory of the Demand for Money.
9. What is the 45 degree line diagram? What is the expenditure multiplier? What is the slope of the expenditure function? What factors cause the expenditure function to shift?
10. Derive the IS curve. Explain intuitively why it slopes downward. What factors cause the IS curve to shift? In what direction do they shift the IS curve?
11. Derive the LM curve. Explain intuitively why it slopes upward. What factors cause the LM curve to shift? In what direction do they shift the LM curve?
12. Is the equilibrium in the IS-LM model stable? Explain.
13. Show graphically and explain intuitively how an increase in government spending affects income and the interest rate in the IS-LM model.
14. Show graphically and explain intuitively how an increase in the money supply affects income and the interest rate in the IS-LM model.
15. Explain why the LM curve is vertical when money demand is unaffected by changes in the interest rate (as in the classical model).
16. Use the IS-LM model to show that monetary policy becomes more effective relative to fiscal policy as money demand becomes less sensitive to the interest rate. Explain the result intuitively.
17. Explain why investment is less sensitive to interest rate changes in recessions as compared to when the economy is operating closer to full employment. Explain why the IS curve is vertical when investment is completely insensitive to changes in the interest rate.
18. Use the IS-LM model to show that fiscal policy becomes more effective relative to monetary policy as investment becomes less sensitive to the interest rate. Explain the result intuitively. What does this imply about the use of monetary and fiscal policy over the business cycle?
19. Show that the Fed cannot continuously hit both a money supply target and an interest rate target, i.e. that it must choose one or the other.
20. Explain Poole's rules.
21. Do changes in the money supply and government spending affect output in the long-run? Explain using the IS-LM model.
[End of material for midterm 2. Question 22, and definitions related to AD-AS, will not be on this test.]
22. Derive the aggregate demand curve from the IS-LM model and explain intuitively why it slopes downward. What factors cause the AD curve to shift? In what direction do they shift the AD curve?
