Brief Outline of Topics Covered in Lecture 3
Chapter 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets? [continued]
Why Study Financial Markets?
Bond Market
Stock Market
Foreign Exchange Market
Chapter 3 What is Money? [pages 49-52]
Meaning of Money
Functions of MoneyMedium of Exchange
Unit of Account
Store of Value
Evolution of the Payments System
Commodity Money
Partially backed paper money
Full backed paper money
Fiat MoneyMeasuring Money
The Federal Reserve’s Monetary Aggregates
How Reliable Are the Money Data?
Chapter 5 The Behavior of Interest Rates [pages 87-90]
The Distinction between Real and Nominal Interest Rates
Nominal interest rates
Ex-ante real rates
Ex-post real rates
Materials from class:
Video:
Lecture 3 [Google video] - Fall 2008
Lecture 3
Additional Reading:
- The Stone Money of Yap
- Technology and Class Attendance (a worry of mine...)
- Benjamin Franklin and the Birth of a Paper Money Economy
- Fundamentalists versus Realists - Paul Romer
- How Bad Has Job Growth Really Been Over the Last 8 Years? - Alan Krueger
- You need a bailout? - cartoon
- MIT report debunks China energy myth - MIT News Office
- Productivity Growth in Manufacturing - Charles Evans - FRB Chicago
- Financial crisis may hasten European integration, slow global banking - Vox EU
- The Fed Moves Again -- And Here's What It Means - Real Time Economics
- An open letter to Canada’s federal political parties - Stephen Gordon
- Richmond Fed's Lacker: Recession Yes, Rate Cuts No - Real Time Economics
- Fed Considers Plan to Buy Companies’ Unsecured Debt - NYTimes.com
- How trade may raise wage inequality worldwide - Vox EU
- FAQs about Interest on Reserves - FRB New York
Application: The Fed started paying interest on reserves:
FAQs about Interest on Reserves and the Implementation of Monetary Policy
1.How will the payment of interest on reserve balances be administered?
Detailed answers to questions about how the payment of interest on reserve balances will be administered and interest payments calculated can be found on the the Federal Reserve System Reporting and Reserves website.
What’s most critical for the implementation of monetary policy is that interest will be paid on the excess balances depository institutions hold, i.e., the amount above the quantity of balances needed to satisfy their reserve requirements (which will also be remunerated), and their clearing balances (which will continue to earn implicit interest in the form of earnings credits).
2.How will authority to pay interest on reserves be helpful in implementing monetary policy?
The Open Market Trading Desk (Desk) at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is authorized to arrange open market operations in accordance with the operating directive of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which sets a target for the federal funds rate.Without authority to pay interest on reserves, from time to time the Desk has been unable to prevent the federal funds rate from falling to very low levels. With the payment of interest on excess balances, market participants will have little incentive for arranging federal funds transactions at rates below the rate paid on excess.By helping set a floor on market rates in this way, payment of interest on excess balances will enhance the Desk’s ability to keep the federal funds rate around the target for the federal funds rate.
3.Why is the payment of interest on reserve balances, and on excess balances in particular, especially important under current conditions?
Recently the Desk has encountered difficulty achieving the operating target for the federal funds rate set by the FOMC, because the expansion of the Federal Reserve’s various liquidity facilities has caused a large increase in excess balances.The expansion of excess reserves in turn has placed extraordinary downward pressure on the overnight federal funds rate.Paying interest on excess reserves will better enable the Desk to achieve the target for the federal funds rate, even if further use of Federal Reserve liquidity facilities, such as the recently announced increases in the amounts being offered through the Term Auction Facility, results in higher levels of excess balances.
4.What other methods does the Federal Reserve have at its disposal to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy when the use of its various liquidity facilities contributes to high levels of excess balances?
Initially, the Federal Reserve was able to prevent excess balances from expanding as the use of its new liquidity facilities grew by reducing other assets it held on its balance sheet, notably holdings of U.S. Treasury securities.But many of its remaining holdings of Treasury securities are now dedicated to support the Term Securities Lending Facility and other programs.
More recently, the Supplemental Financing Program has been invaluable in helping to limit the growth in excess balances as use of the Federal Reserve’s liquidity programs has continued to expand.Under the Supplemental Financing Program the U.S. Treasury has issued Treasury bills in the market and deposited the proceeds in an account at the Federal Reserve.
But payment of interest on excess balances could enable the Desk to achieve the operating target for the federal funds rate even without further use of these other measures and in principle with any level of excess balances. And in addition to remunerating excess balances, the Federal Reserve is exploring other methods to manage reserve levels for the purpose of implementing monetary policy with its authority to pay interest on reserves.
5.Does paying interest on excess balances constitute a change in monetary policy?
No. The stance of monetary policy continues to be set by the target for the overnight federal funds rate established by the FOMC.Paying interest on excess balances just makes it easier for the Desk to implement the target federal funds rate chosen by the FOMC.
6.How will the levels of interest rates paid on excess balances be chosen to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy?
The Board of Governors has set the initial rate to be paid on interest on excess balances at the lowest target federal funds rate for a reserve maintenance period less 75 basis points.However, the Board is prepared to adjust this spread as needed to help the Desk achieve the operating target for the average federal funds rate set by the FOMC, based on experience and in response to evolving market conditions.
7.Is paying interest on excess balances inflationary?
No. The payment of interest on excess balances will permit the Desk to keep the federal funds rate closer to the target even as the Federal Reserve provides the necessary liquidity to support financial stability through its liquidity facilities.The federal funds rate target is set at the level that is appropriate in light of the Federal Reserve’s objectives of maximum employment and price stability.
8.Will other elements of the framework for implementing monetary policy be affected by the payment of interest on reserve balances?
The Board of Governors has not made any determination about changing required reserve ratios or other elements of the reserve accounting framework.However, the Federal Reserve will continue to analyze different approaches to employing authority to pay interest on reserves as part of a more fundamental restructuring of the framework for implementing monetary policy over the longer run.
